What deceptive practice involves creating fake grassroots movements?

Astroturfing refers to the practice of creating a false impression of grassroots support for a cause or policy, making it seem as though there is widespread public backing when, in fact, the support is artificially constructed. This is typically achieved by corporations or political groups that hire individuals or organizations to pose as ordinary citizens advocating for their interests. The intent behind astroturfing is to manipulate public perception and sway opinions by giving the illusion that a significant number of people endorse a particular viewpoint or initiative.

In contrast, other practices listed, such as the bandwagon effect, consumer fraud, and brand loyalty, do not specifically involve the fabrication of grassroots movements. The bandwagon effect relates to people adopting certain behaviors or opinions because they perceive that others are doing the same. Consumer fraud involves deceitful practices to mislead consumers into making purchases under false pretenses. Brand loyalty is a consumer's commitment to repurchase or continue using a brand, which arises from positive experiences or emotional connections, rather than a deceptive practice. Understanding astroturfing is crucial as it helps individuals critically assess the authenticity of movements and campaigns they encounter.